Latino Civil Rights in School

Latino Civil Rights in Schools One area in American society in which racial groups were separated was in school. Segregation of races and schools were common through the late 1940’s, until a Puerto-Rican Mexican family took action. Through this area the common race that known during this time where you were both classified as white or black and therefore left Hispanics unclassified. Depending where you lived according to McCormick, J. and Ayala, C. 2007) describes Felicita Mendez a Puerto Rican woman’s experience, â€Å"she belonged to a group that was racialized in Arizona as black, in California as Mexican, and now in court, her children figured as white. † In this situation her children not allowed to enter a white school called Westminster Elementary. Felicita did not want to enroll her children into a Mexican school because they lack resources and only did vocational training as she wanted a better future for her children, because she knew that education wil l give her children opportunities. She and her husband decided to take action so they followed lawsuit, along with four other Mexican families against Westminster County. During their struggle the law was against them saying that their reasons for segregation of Mexicans school were due to language. â€Å"The ruling was sustained at the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in San Francisco on April 14, 1947, in a unanimous 7–0 decision. † (McCormick, J. and Ayala, C. , 2007). This was a tremendous decision that had great impact towards creating integration for Mexicans as well as Indians, and Asians in schools. Shortly after the victory, the legislation passed the Assembly Bill of 1375 in California which eliminates segregation of these races. The bill was signed into law on June 14, 1947. Other states such as Arizona then followed, and it led to other cases which completely terminated legal segregation in schools in the United States in 1954. It took some effort and some years to finally integrate whites with other races in schools. Such effort had its accomplishments, however it took various years for the majority of people to get used the fact that we are human beings and therefore all created equal. We still encounter racism unfortunately but not in the same fashion or numbers as we encountered 50 years ago. As the future approaches us in many years to come we are all going to be integrated as one race of a human being, hopefully making this world a much better place. References McCormick, J. and Ayala, C. (2007). Felicita â€Å"La Prieta† Mendez (1916–1998) and the end of Latino school segregation in California. Retrieved from http://content. ebscohost. com. wf2dnvr2. webfeat. org/pdf19_22/pdf/2007/GWW/01Oct07/28320951. pdf? T=P&P=AN&K=28320951&S=R&D=aph&EbscoContent=dGJyMMTo50SeqK44y9f3OLCmr0mep7ZSs6q4TbSWxWXS&ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGvtEyvrbVLuePfgeyx44Hy7fEA

Importance of deadlines Essay

I have never worked in any job were it is acceptable to miss deadlines. Deadlines should never be disregarded as they are. I can offer no explanation as to why people routinely complain about instructors who do not return graded tests and papers when promised; faculty routinely complain about colleagues who neglect to complete their work on time; and I have seen administrators that simply plead with faculty, time and again, to complete long-overdue assessments or other important work. I’ll grant that in the current economic circumstances, with many academic units at many colleges, universities and branches underfunded and understaffed, faculty and staff alike are being asked to do more and more work with fewer people, fewer resources, and less time. But if we’re being honest we have to admit that the problem of faculty who are unaccountable to deadlines is an older problem than the current economic crisis; within academe the problem is endemic, systemic, epidemic. Regardless of the cause, when the routine, sometimes mundane business of the university is neglected or even just delayed, complications and stress cascade through the ranks, amplifying the problems that fellow faculty, staff, and even students must then deal with and solve. Even worse, sometimes the most egregious offenders when it comes to blowing off deadlines are senior faculty, who should, frankly, know and behave better. One step toward reducing the stress and work we create for others, and ourselves, might be to take more seriously the deadlines that often accompany our work, but that are sometimes neglected when faculty perceive, often quite wrongly, that there are no negative consequences for missing a deadline. Some deadlines are absolutely rigid, such as the filing dates for theses and dissertations, the sorts of deadlines that must be met if one hopes to graduate on time. These rigid deadlines are the types of bureaucratic  deadlines that we have to navigate routinely in order to complete graduate degrees, apply for grants, or otherwise navigate the complex institutions of the modern academy. Other deadlines are effectively rigid. When your department chair or a fellow faculty member assigns you a task with a due date, it behooves all faculty members to regard those sorts of deadlines as rigid, especially if you don’t have tenure. Such deadlines might be negotiable in some circumstances, but they aren’t to be disregarded altogether. Blowing off your campus bookstore’s deadline for textbook orders, for example, may seem like a trivial lapse. But potentially, missing even such a seemingly small deadline creates additional work for the already-swamped employees placing the orders, and it can result in higher costs for students if books have to be rush-shipped or if the window to order used texts is missed. Even though you are unlikely to suffer personally for missing the deadline, others may suffer. A whole other set of the deadlines that we face in academe are self-imposed, milestones that we set for ourselves in order to complete the nebulous, long-running projects that often comprise research and scholarship. Even though such self-imposed deadlines are â€Å"soft,† in that there is no enforcer that will come forward and punish, chastise, or cajole us if we miss them, I think that it’s generally a bad idea to miss even the deadlines that we set for ourselves. Assuming, and this is a big assumption, that the deadlines we set for ourselves are realistic. These soft deadlines can’t be taken too lightly — the ability, or inability, to set and meet goals without external guidance or enforcement will determine whether or not a tenure-track faculty member is able to meet expectations for scholarly productivity and ultimately win tenure. One of the tricks to managing these soft deadlines is learning to set goals that are both meaningful and realistic. It is much easier said than done, and hopefully an advanced graduate student receives extensive mentorship on how to manage the research workload. Cooperative, self-policing structures like writing groups are one way to formalize soft deadlines and hold ourselves  accountable to ourselves and to others to complete, or at least make progress on, our long-term projects. An important part of managing our work is knowing how to differentiate between soft and rigid deadlines, and how to prioritize deadlines across all of the varieties of work required of faculty. Deadlines matter in our interactions with students as well. My feeling is that if I am going to hold students strictly accountable to a deadline, then I too need to be accountable in similar ways. When I give my students writing assignments, each assignment is accompanied by a specifically articulated series of deadlines for when drafts and peer reviews are due, a deadline for each stage of the writing process, each of which students are expected to meet. But my assignments also include deadlines for myself, essentially promises of when I will return things like graded papers. Holding students strictly to deadlines, but then failing to return work in a timely manner, sends a message of hypocrisy to students that they immediately detect and disdain. I hold myself as accountable to self-imposed deadlines, just as I hold my students accountable. By advertising my own deadlines for tasks like grading, in this case on the writing assignment itself, I create a mechanism that forces me to be accountable. When it comes to interacting with colleagues, I also work hard to meet deadlines. As a junior faculty member, I never want to be the squeaky wheel, never want to be the committee member who fails to turn in work on time and holds up other people and an entire process. My unwillingness to be branded as a shirker is in addition, of course, to the glaringly obvious point that it is simply a common courtesy to meet administrative deadlines. Everyone in the university has work to do, much of it important work, and failing to do our own work in a timely, professional manner unnecessarily delays the work of others. There are certainly times when we realize that we will be unable to meet a deadline. If you foresee missing an externally imposed deadline, it’s both courteous and good policy to let interested parties know, sooner rather than  later, that you may be delayed in delivering your work. Such a warning at least allows others involved in the work to improvise an accommodation. Simply allowing a deadline to pass without a word of warning is discourteous and doesn’t allow others to help ameliorate the effects of your own delays. And missed deadlines are almost always noticed, even when the matter at hand may seem trivial. As you progress in your career, you may be asked to peer-review manuscripts that have been submitted to journals in your subdiscipline. It is especially important to meet an editor’s deadlines when conducting reviews of manuscripts. Some disciplines have a culture of turning reviews around quickly, while other disciplines (particularly in the humanities) are notorious for a tradition of taking months, sometimes even over a year, simply to review manuscripts. As a result of slow turnarounds and senior scholars who can sometimes be cavalierly unconcerned about conducting reviews in a timely manner, junior scholars often suffer. I once had a journal hold onto an article of mine for four months, during which time a staffer sent me a cryptic message implying that the article was undergoing review. After four months had passed, I was notified that the editor had decided not to send out the article for review, and to reject it outright. The editor was well within his rights to reject the article, but to take four months to do so was lazy and unprofessional in the extreme, and borderline unethical. Secondarily, because the article had not been sent out to reviewers, but simply sat on the editor’s desk, I did not even have the benefit of the feedback of reviews. Those four months were time that I could have spent revising the article, or submitting it at a different journal. Unfortunately, such stories are legion, and I have heard much more egregious examples of how editors’ or reviewers’ failures to keep to a reasonable schedule have hurt the publication prospects of junior scholars. Unfortunately, we are often tasked with work that feels trivial or futile. Or meaningful work simply piles up into seemingly unmanageable stacks. Every faculty member I know feels overwhelmed at some point in the semester. Nonetheless, when we neglect to complete work in a timely manner, our  colleagues and students sometimes suffer. Sometimes there isn’t as much accountability in the academy as there should be, which is all the more reason to hold ourselves accountable

Stem Cell Research- Using stem cells from Testes to produce Insulin Research Paper

Stem Cell - Using stem cells from Testes to produce Insulin for Type 1 Diabetics - Research Paper Example There are conventional treatments available but they do not cure the disease. Now, scientists have given some hopes to the disease stricken patients with a new type of treatment with the stem cells. Stem cells are found in different tissues. They develop and divide into many other types of cells especially in the early age. The self-reproductive stem cells serve to repair damage tissues. When a stem cell divides, it might remain the same type or becomes a specialized cell e.g. a brain cell. Until 2006, Scientists were mostly working with â€Å"embryonic stem cells† and â€Å"Somatic or Adult stem cell†. Now they have learned to alter special cells genetically and use them for special purposes as a stem cell. The regenerative property of a stem cell opens new venues to explore and may find permanent cure for diseases like diabetes. Recent research at Georgetown University shows that stem cells from human testicles, which produce sperms, can be genetically programmed to p roduce insulin by transplanting into the human body. Clinical experiments indicate a lower amount of insulin produced by this method and researchers are pondering to find a way to bring it to a required level. Just like any other transplant, if the organ is donated by someone else, body takes it as a foreign intruder in the system. The immune system immediately tries to stop it from proper functioning. To reverse the process, a patient has to take immune-suppress medication for the rest of the life. In an effort to offer resistance to the newly implanted cell, immune system destroys the original beta cells. Since cells that are being transplanted, are extracted from the same person so the body does not perceive them as foreign agents. After removing cells from testes, also called spermatogonial cells, placed in a specially designed media where they are chemically changed to produce insulin like beta cells. In other research programs, Induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs), artificia lly derived from Adult cells and changed by inducing forced genes and proteins to act similar to embryonic stem cells. Thr artificial method to program IPSCs, pose serious threats to introduce cancerous tissues in the body. But the new research in 2008 indicates the possibilities of stem cells in curing diseases. Scientists have disclosed a technique to separate the oncogene, largely cause cancer, from pluripotent cells after their transplantation. A new approach, yet to test on humans, of generating IPSCs cells by injecting proteins might be suitable for therapeutic use. Adopting this new technique eradicate the need of genetic alteration. The ongoing research at Georgetown University focuses on finding a treatment for type-1 diabetes in which cells are persuaded to function like IPSCs. The threat of tumor ‘teratomas’, may destroy the newly formed insulin cells. Another concern is the elimination of alpha cells which produces ‘glucagon’ with the beata cell s. Glucagon becomes active when the sugar level drops to a certain level and may cause death. In order to find a commplete remedy from Type-1 diabetes, researchers are looking towards a readily available source of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). SSCs are derived from testicles and not required to add new genes. These cells show similar characteristics to that of beta islet cells. The scientists successful in lowering the glucose level after planting these cells into diabetic mice, showing that enough insulin is

Contributions To The History Of Josef Stalin Essay

Contributions To The History Of Josef Stalin - Essay Example Stalin died in the year 1953 after having lived fifty-six years full of both challenges and failures (64). The accomplishments of Stalin As a leader of the Soviet Union, Stalin made numerous mistakes, but his tenure in office is also remembered for having been of immense importance to Russia. According to the research compiled by Kaplan, the accomplishments of Stalin cannot be ignored (93). First, Boobbyer states that Stalin is remembered for his contribution to driving the country towards economic stability, which would only be possible through the process of industrialization (58). This, according to analysts and researchers of the history of the USSR, Stalin did due to his inferiority complex. His major aim was to match the standards of the other industrialized countries. In the long run, the country was subjected to rapid industrialization processes so as to have a share of the ‘big muscle’ as well. With the construction of the industries, as Boobbyer indicates, a gr eat percentage of the sectors in the economy were heavily mechanized – agriculture, for instance (62). In the long run, the industrialization process boosted development in the country despite the depression that was faced in the capitalist countries. Though taxpayers were forced to pay more for the success of these industries, the country is reported to have immensely gained from the industrial revolution. In relation to World War 2, Roberts indicates that Stalin drove his armies towards the defeat of Germany in the course of the war (255). This created a very huge impact of the Soviet Union in the world at that particular time. With his ability to dodge Roosevelt, Stalin managed to confiscate all the war equipment that would lead to his success against Germany.

Zara - Fast Fashion from Savvy Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Zara - Fast Fashion from Savvy Systems - Essay Example The essay "Zara - Fast Fashion from Savvy Systems" talks about fast fashion of Zara. The businesses today operate in real-time in the global market place and they have to leverage comparative advantage. Thus, tapping into the foreign markets and the process of market entry, in addition to the innovative practices and technology can give a firm comparative advantage. Zara needs to ascertain the strategy for the way forward. The organization has a customer-focused vision since the beginning and this continues to be the defining feature. Their challenge is to live up to customer expectations. The group philosophy can be summed up as â€Å"good designs and good quality at affordable prices† (Business Week, 2004). They have total control over the fashion process right from designing to manufacturing and distribution. The company aims to differentiate itself because of its fast fashion approach but intense competition has diluted this advantage. To alter the strategy an organization needs to evaluate its position compared to its competitors. This requires a review of its internal and external business environment. The external environment is being evaluated based on the PESTILE and the industry analysis is based on Porter’s Five Forces.The Political condition of the nations were Zara enters is fairly stable and its mode of entry depends upon the local/regional situation. Accession of Spain into the EU benefitted Spain as the export policies were revised and tariff deregulation took place.

EVALUATION nad WEBSITE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

EVALUATION nad WEBSITE - Essay Example It is essential to define business objectives, usability goals and intended context of use well in advance. In this context business objectives of a site include answers to crucial questions such as such, what are the main purposes of the website, who are the websites target audience, success factors, evaluation criteria and budget. The websites contexts of use include information such as important user groups, frequency of visits, user's past experience and expertise, socio-cultural issues, user's needs and client side technical information. Once this Meta information is collected and analyzed a website design should proceed. Effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction are the three units in which usability can be measured. We know that many users visit the travel agency websites since travelers have increased and also the traveling rate has increased during the past few decades. Many people look to travel agents for traveling, booking tickets, searching for vacation plans, and many other such deals. The website should provide a proper user interface to the people so that they do not face any problem in operating the website if they want to. Many people prefer booking tickets online rather than to go to the travel agent and getting it booked. Therefore, many people will browse the websites of the travel agencies before confirming on one particular travel agency. Therefore, the user-interface of the website should be such that it would try to attract more customers. The better the interface, the more loyal the customers become and more the increase in the number of customers for that travel agency. The three basic components of web usability are: Effectiveness: It can be measured by determining if the website users can actually accomplish their requirements at hand. Requirements at this context can range from a simple task such as finding information to complex and sensitive activities such as purchasing a product. Efficiency: Efficiency looks at the resources expended in order to achieve the task. Although resources can be seen in multiple perspectives, the most critical resource is time. Satisfaction: The essential feature of impressing the customers involves the amount of satisfaction a particular website can provide to the users. The overall experience that involves the color contrast, dynamic features, availability of appropriate information, accuracy of search play crucial role in the satisfaction rate of users. All these features have to be addressed while designing a website and these issues were considered while building the travel agency website. The customer generally searches for flights to his or her desired destination. Therefore, the provision for searching for flights has to be present right on the first page of the website (i.e. the Home Page of the website). Once the data is fed and the search button clicked, the list of flights has to be shown to the customer and the customer can then select which flight he want his ticket to be booked in. Also, once he visits the website and he likes the website, he would like to become a member of the travel agency. Also, he would like to have a personal storage place where all his information related to his travel will be saved. Such personal place has to be provided which can be accessed through his login name and

Management Business Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Management Business Questions - Essay Example Reorganization of a company is a sensitive step and the manager needs to have ultimate interpersonal skills in dealing with severance packages and reassigning works. The manager should be well prepared over the concept of reorganization and should be in a position to handle any type of questions posed by the employees related to the decision. The manager should be able to communicate the conditions and issues surrounding reorganization in an effective manner. Reorganization is not an easy thing to do and it will affect the employees and their families to a great extent and by commuting the problems and concerns effectively, the whole process of reassigning and offering of severance packages can be carried on smoothly. As a first step towards reassigning and layoff, the manager should call for individual meetings with the concerned employees. The change in title, department and work nature needs to be explained to them in an elaborate manner. Make the employee aware about the new reporting line, relocation, lessening of working hours and other issues that would affect their present status in the company. Situations like this demand excellent interpersonal skills which includes better management, organizing and communication skills. Hawthorne Studies is a way to improve productivity levels of an employee by creating a psychological belief that they are more important to the organization. It is a form of positive management tool that increases work performance of an employee by letting the person think that they are being singled out and are important to the organization. Employees always like getting the attention of the employer and they like the feeling of being important. The manager can accomplish the Hawthorne Studies by offering praise and expressing appreciation for the hard work put in by the employee. The key for effective Hawthorne effect accomplishment is to be aware about the circumstances when the productivity levels go up and when it comes

Business Processes and how they are developed in a variety of Research Paper

Business Processes and how they are developed in a variety of industries 3 company plus Aerospace and Defense - Research Paper Example It is popular because of its handy functioning which directs about correct scheme of operations (Hernandez, 1997). Financials: It provides powerful insights regarding future decision making. By budgeting and financial management through SAP, managers may get the acquiescence and better predictability ensured. It is a better means of future forecasting and budgeting decisions. It mechanizes the financial management (accounting and scrolling) and financial supply chain management through automation. It offers meticulous support for corporate governance authorizations for example Basel-II. Human Capital Management (HCM): It provides an optimized solution that covers the entire aspects of contemporary HCM practices. For example, Global view of human capital. It furnishes the aimed goals in a concrete and precise manner. The potential of workforce is optimized and maximized by introducing innovation and suppleness. The Human Resource processes are aided by keeping international standards and contemporary HR practices in view. Operations: It aids overall supply chain and logistics process. The decisions related to procurement, safety inventory and business facility are met basically. The complete view of business cycle and supply chain management is critically put forward. Profitability, production or manufacturing and distribution are the core areas covered while in a supply chain. Quality controlling, error reduction and quality assurance in operation management are the areas of business operations management. System Applications and Products (SAP) utility supports a wide range of business process across supply chain, operations and logistics management (Hernandez, 1997). Following is the brief description of processes which are basically supported by the software. Inventory management: Inventory management is the basic process in order to get operations proficiency. The two views of proficiency are efficiency and responsiveness which

Principles and Articles of the United States Essay

Principles and Articles of the United States - Essay Example The principle of checks and balances monitors all the branches of the government to ensure that each of the branches balances the government so that no one is powerful and supreme than the other. For instance, the judiciary interprets the policy or law, the executive implements the law and the legislature formulates the law. The U.S constitution was drafted in a unique manner of checks and balances to protect people’s liberty and rights against combination of government authority. It made legislature, judiciary and executive completely separate and autonomous as to work but coordinated for proper function with security to block usurpation of authority or power. When people talk about checks and balances in government, it is significant to understand the composition of the three branches of government that can act or amend another branch of the government to prevent it from possessing too much authority over the other branches (Hollitz, 2010). This system has proved to be effective in the U.S. For a long time, the U.S constitution has been analyzed, interpreted, and amended to conform and adapt to transforming circumstances, and the authority exercised by the federal or central government have transformed with it. For example, since the Federal or Central government can affect the States, it has t he right to hold back federal money from the States that do not desire to conform to the plans of the federal government. The constitution grants these powers to the federal government, which it has to exercise in moderation and not excessively (Hollitz, 2010). The system of checks and balances have functioned very well for a long time in America despite the fact that some clashes have occurred, when vetoes of certain branches of government have been overtaken or appointees declined, these cases are rare. The system has managed to keep the judiciary, executive and the legislature in balance, which has seen these branches attain a

Not-For-Profit Organizations Essay Example for Free

Not-For-Profit Organizations Essay Executive Summary Not-For-Profit organizations are fundamentally different than for-profit, private sector businesses in that they do not have shareholders, their mission statements are focused on furthering a cause rather than just increasing profitability and most Not-For-Profits earn the majority of their revenue through donor contributions. As a result, Not-For-Profit Organizations operate under different reporting requirements than for-profit businesses. In order to provide proper accounting for the numerous activities undertaken by a Not-For-Profit Organization in a given year, it is imperative that one understand the two financial accounting standards that affect Not-For-Profit organizations the most: Statements of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) 116 and 117 which provide guidance on donor contributions and the presentation of the financial statements. The objective of this summary is to provide a high-level overview of the standards and the effect they have on the financial statements of a Not-For-Profit organization. The Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 116 establishes the standards for accounting for contributions received and contributions made to all organizations with fiscal years beginning after December 15, 1994. Contributions are defined by SFAS No. 116 as voluntary transfers in which the donor does not receive any value in return. Donor contributions may include the following resources: Cash, Marketable securities Property and equipment Utilities and Supplies Intangible assets such as intellectual property Professional services SFAS 116 requires that all contributions and unconditional promises to donate in the future, known as pledges, are recognized as revenues at fair value in the period in which they are received. Pledges are recognized as soon as the requirements of a pledge are met and it is no longer contingent on a future event. Additionally, contributions made and received are also recognized at as expenses upon receipt at fair value. The Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 116 also requires organizations to identify those contributions that contain donor-imposed restrictions and the timeframe or requirements for meeting these donor-imposed restrictions. According to SFAS No. 116, organizations must classify contributions into one of the following categories based on the existence or absence of donor imposed stipulations: Permanently Restricted Net Assets Temporarily Restricted Net Assets Unrestricted Net Assets Those assets that are restricted by a donor imposed stipulation of time, a particular purpose or program, or the occurrence of a future event must be set aside and cannot be expended until the restriction has expired through the satisfaction of the donor stipulation. Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 117 is also important in accounting for Not-For-Profit Organizations in that it provides standards for the presentation of the financial statements for organizations with fiscal years beginning after December 15, 1994. Overall, this standard requires that the financial statements provide the necessary information for all of the users of Not-For-Profit financial statements. The standard requires that Not-For-Profit Organizations produce the following financial statements on an annual basis: A statement of financial position (balance sheet) A statement of activities (income statement) A statement of cash flows In the statement of financial position, SFAS No. 117 requires that the  Not-For-Profit organization provide amounts for the total assets, liabilities, and net assets at the end of the fiscal period. Additionally, the statement of financial position must classify the organizations net assets as temporarily restricted, permanently restricted, or unrestricted based on donor imposed stipulations. The statement of activities is required to report to the financial statement users the transactions which caused a change in net assets during the period and the statement of cash flows is must provide a reconciliation of activity between beginning and ending cash balances of the period as either operating activities, financing activities or investing activities. Additional schedules are also required by SFAS No. 117 for special organzations such a voluntary health and wellness organizations that provide unique services related to their cause. Overall, a thorough understanding and application of Statements of Financial Standards No. 116 and 117 allows Not-For-Profit organizations to properly account for their unique activities and provide their financial statement users with relevant, understandable and comparable information in order to assess the financial position of the Not-For-Profit organization over the past fiscal year and going forward into the future.

The role of a Medical Lab Technician is critical

The role of a Medical Lab Technician is critical Cleaning and care of general laboratory Glassware and equipment. Diagnostics plays prominent role in the field of Medicine. Proper diagnosis of the disease plays an important role in concluding the patients condition without which medical treatment/ surgery can not be obtained. The role of a Medical Lab Technician is critical for proper diagnosis and interpretation of results. Clinical studies in the fields of Medicine, Pharamacutical Industries, and Nutrition etc. also require the technicians. 1.1. Introduction to Medical Lab Technology Medical Laboratory Technology also called Clinical laboratory science is an allied health profession which is concerned with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease through the use of clinical laboratory tests. It is a combination of the techniques along with the application of theoretical knowledge to perform complex procedures on tissue specimens, blood samples and other body fluids. They look for bacteria, parasites, and other microorganisms; analyze the chemical content of fluids; match blood for transfusions; and test for drug levels in the blood that show how a patient is responding to treatment. The tests which are performed provide critical information enabling physicians to diagnose, treat and monitor a patients condition. A Medical Laboratory Technologist (MLT) do these tests by analyzing body fluids, tissues, blood typing, microorganism screening, chemical analyses, cell counts of human body etc. The process carried out by a technician is Collection of the patients information Sampling Testing of samples Reporting and documentation of the results They determine the presence, extent or absence of disease and provide data needed to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment. The various application of medical lab technology include, Laboratory Technicians is required in various departments in medical and Pharmacy colleges In diagnostic centers In hospitals of various sectors Quality control RD sectors of Drug Manufacturing units Clinical studies in various laboratories National Institute of Nutrition Central Drug Research Laboratory Molecular Biology Labs With increasing automation and the use of computer technology, the work of technologists and technicians has become less hands-on and more analytical. The complexity of tests performed, the level of judgment needed, and the amount of responsibility workers assume depend largely on the amount of education and experience they have. Clinical laboratory technologists usually do more complex tasks than clinical laboratory technicians do. There are two levels of medical laboratory workers Technologists Technicians Technologists: Medical technologists have more training and job responsibilities. They perform complex tests such as microscopic examinations of tissues, blood and other body fluids to detect evidence of disease and detect the presence of bacteria, fungi, parasites etc and chemical tests to determine blood cholesterol levels. They also match blood samples for transfusions and test drug levels in blood to determine how patients are responding to medications. They are often responsible for making sure that testing is done accurately. In some labs, technologists conduct research under the supervision of medical researchers. Medical technologists work in five major areas of the laboratory Blood banking Clinical Chemistry (chemical analysis of body fluids) Hematology (blood related) Immunology (study of immune system) Microbiology (study of bacteria and other disease organisms) Clinical chemistry technologists: They prepare specimens and analyze the chemical and hormonal contents of body fluids. Microbiology technologists: They examine and identify bacteria and other microorganisms. Blood bank technologists: Also referred as immunohematology technologists, collect, type, and prepare blood and its components for transfusions. Immunology technologists examine elements of the human immune system and its response to foreign bodies. Cytotechnologists: They prepare slides of body cells and examine these cells microscopically for abnormalities that may signal the beginning of a cancerous growth. Molecular biology technologists: They perform complex protein and nucleic acid testing on cell samples. Technicians: Medical technicians do routine laboratory testing manually according to instructions. They work under Technologists or supervisors. Technicians may prepare specimens and operate machines that automatically analyze samples. In addition to running tests, technicians set up, clean, and maintain laboratory equipment, such as centrifuges, microscopes etc. They also prepare standard solutions for use in the lab. This involves measuring and mixing the correct amount of various chemicals. ___________________________________________________________________ 1.2. ROLE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGIST: _____________________________________________________________________ A Clinical Laboratory Scientists role is to provide accurate laboratory results in a timely manner. Safeguards, such as experimental controls, calibration of laboratory instruments, delta checks and periodic surveys should be carried out. Medical laboratory technologists work in a dynamic and evolving environment, and use technological equipment to provide information that must be processed rapidly and accurately. The major role of clinical lab technologists is: They perform a full range of laboratory tests from simple prenatal blood tests, to more complex tests to uncover diseases such as HIV/AIDS, diabetes, and cancer. They are responsible for confirming the accuracy of test results, and reporting laboratory findings to pathologists and other physicians. The information result given by the lab technologist influences the medical treatment a patient will receive. They operate complex electronic equipment, computers, and precision instruments costing millions of dollars. They assist doctors and nurses in choosing the correct lab tests and ensure proper collection methods. They receive the patient specimens, analyze the specimens, interpret and report results. A pathologist may confirm a diagnostic result, but often the medical lab technologist is responsible for interpreting and communicating critical patient results to the physician. They should recognize anomalies in their test results and know how to correct problems with the instrumentation. They take preventive measures to minimize errors and reject contaminated or sub-standard specimens. Role of Medical Laboratory Technologist: The medical technician has the job of carrying out the more basic tasks and his responsibilities include: Ensuring that the laboratory and the equipments and glassware used in laboratory remains clean. Proper placement of chemical, equipments and glassware. Ensuring that there are proper labels pasted on the bottles of chemicals and reagents. The equipment used in the lab is in proper shape and handled carefully and proper safety measures are observed when handling specimens. All specimens and other material in the lab are disposed off in a safe and appropriate manner. A complete record of tests carried out in the laboratory is maintained. Fresh material is indented through a medical officer and the material is stored in a proper and safe fashion. Common tests performed in a clinical lab are: Complete blood count (CBC) Comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) Liver function tests (LFT) Renal function tests (RFT) Thyroid function test (TFT) Urine analysis Hematological analysis Lipid profile Semen analysis (for fertility and post-vasectomy studies) Serological studies Routine cultures. ______________________________________________________________________ 1.3. ETHICS: ______________________________________________________________________ The medical lab technologists are bound by the ethical codes. Laboratories shall not engage in practices restricted by law and should uphold the reputation of their profession. The medical lab technologists are required to adhere to the following code of ethics The general idea of healthcare ethics is the welfare of the patient. The laboratory should treat all patients fairly and without discrimination. The main aim of laboratory ethics is collecting the proper information of the patient, which enables the requested examinations and other laboratory procedures to be carried out Safety of staff and other patients are legitimate concerns when communicable diseases are possible and information may be collected for these purposes. All the information is collected with the knowledge of the patient and the patients should be informed regarding the procedure carried out. Forcing some one to undergo medical testing of any kind is an invasion of privacy and a violation of human rights. Special procedures, including the more invasive procedures, will require a more detailed explanation and, in some cases, written consent. The result of the test should be kept strictly confidential and to be reveled only with the concern of the patient. The laboratory should endeavor to see that results with serious implications are not communicated directly to the patient without the opportunity for adequate counseling. Procedures that are carried out should be published in established/authoritative textbooks, peer-reviewed texts or journals or in international, national or regional guidelines. Any manipulation of result is completely unacceptable. The results should be reported to the doctor and may be reported to other parties with the patients consent or as required by law. The laboratory results should be correctly interpreted and applied in the patients best interest. All records should be legible and stored such that they are readily retrievable. Records may be stored on any appropriate medium subject to national, regional or local legal requirements. As per National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL) guidelines, the minimum period for retention of test reports issued shall be five years for histopathology and cytopathology and one year for other disciplines. _____________________________________________________________________ 1.4. Responsibilities of medical lab technologist _____________________________________________________________________ Medical laboratory technologists perform examinations with a microscope, perform complex tests, analyze the results, and report them to the medical professional for diagnostic use. Medical Laboratory Technologists operate a variety of complicated instruments. They must have good motor skills, hand-eye coordination and manual dexterity. In addition to technical skills, they must have a strong attention to detail in order to detect subtle change to the microscopic appearance of blood, tissue and bacterial cells. MLTs must also determine the validity of the results they obtain, which requires analytical and critical thinking. MLTs work in an ever-evolving environment, and on occasion need to design new procedures to reflect the rapid pace of change in their workplace. Whether working alone or as a member of a team, the MLT must be able to manage time efficiently and communicate clearly. Responsibilities of medical lab technologists usually include: Conducting advanced chemical, bacteriological, immunologic, biological and hematological tests Examining specimens with microscopes Making cultures of tissues and body fluids to reveal parasites, bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms Analyzing chemical content, chemical reactions and blood concentrations of certain compounds Typing and cross-matching samples of blood for transfusions Evaluating results of tests Establishing and modifying programs and procedures to ensure quality control and test accuracy Supervision of medical lab technicians (also known as clinical lab technicians). The medical technician has the job of carrying out the more basic tasks and his responsibilities include Ensuring that the laboratory and the equipments and glassware used in laboratory remains clean. Proper placement of chemical, equipments and glassware. Ensuring that there are proper labels pasted on the bottles of chemicals and reagents. The equipment used in the lab is in proper shape and handled carefully and proper safety measures are observed when handling specimens. All specimens and other material in the lab are disposed off in a safe and appropriate manner. A complete record of tests carried out in the laboratory is maintained. Fresh material is indented through a medical officer and the material is stored in a proper and safe fashion. _____________________________________________________________________ 1.5. Safety Measures and First Aid _____________________________________________________________________ Safety is not just a concept but it is a habit which must be developed by every person associated with the medical laboratory field. One should remain attentive and cautious during the time he or she is inside the laboratory as a small mistake can lead to a grave situation. The personnel working in the medical laboratory must be aware of the how to handle the chemicals, glassware, specimen and equipments etc. as mishandling or improper handling may lead to serious injury or contamination and is dangerous to life. Certain basic safety steps that must be followed in the laboratory are Keep the workplace clean and organized. Label all storage areas, refrigerators, etc., appropriately, and keep all chemicals in properly labeled containers. Date all bottles when received and when opened. Note expiration dates on chemicals. Note special storage conditions. Be aware of how to handle and store hazardous materials such as Flammables Radioactive Compounds Corrosives Biohazards Toxics Carcinogens Reactive Compressed Gases Follow the safety instructions for handling chemicals and segregate chemicals by compatibility groups for storage. Be aware of the potential interactions of lab furniture and equipment with chemicals used or stored in the lab. (e.g., are oxidizers stored directly on wooden shelving?) Post warning signs for unusual hazards such as flammable materials, biohazards or other special problems. Use equipment only for its designated purpose. Position and secure apparatus properly to avoid any damage to personnel or equipment. Use protective clothing all the time (e.g. lab coat, face mask, gloves etc.) Do not smoke, eat or drink in the laboratory. Ensure proper disposal of waste generated from the laboratory. Clinical lab technologists generally deal with infectious samples. Therefore proper methods of infection control and sterilization are followed, few hazards exist. Protective masks, gloves, and goggles often are necessary to ensure the safety of laboratory personnel. First Aid in Laboratory Accidents: Accidents in the lab may result from either chemicals including acids or alkalis coming in contact with any body part or toxic substances or from heat of flames, hot liquids, explosions etc. Broken glass or contamination from infected material or specimen and electric shock might also lead to accidents. The first thing to be followed is that one should not panic and handle the situation in a more calm and composed manner. Some of the first aid procedures for accidents from the above mentioned sources are as under First Aid for accident caused by acid burn or contact: Wash immediately with good amount of water preferably running water and in case of larger spills safety shower should be used. After washing apply neutralizer or 5% sodium carbonate solution on skin and in case acid gets into the eye then administer 4 drops of 2% aqueous sodium bi-carbonate solution. In case the acid is consumed then make the patient drink 5% soap solution or give him two egg whites mixed with 500 ml of milk or water. In the event of non availability of these two make the person drink lot of ordinary water. Consult a physician. First Aid for Alkali burns Instantaneously wash with large amounts of water and do it repeatedly. Once washed apply a 5% acetic acid or undiluted vinegar solution to the affected portion of the skin. In case the alkali has got into the eye then after washing use a saturated solution of boric acid and repeatedly pour drops in the eye. In case the alkali has been swallowed then give a 5% acetic acid or lemon juice or diluted vinegar solution to the patient and after that make the person drink 3 to 4 glasses of ordinary water. Refer to a physician. First aid in case of Poisoning In case of oral poisoning induce vomiting by making the patient drink warm salt water to drink and keep on repeating it till the vomit is clear. However in case of the chemical which the person has consumed is a acid, solvent or alkali or the person in unconscious then do not try to induce vomit. Call for medical aid immediately. If the poisoning is caused by gas then instantaneously take the victim out of the affected area and make him or her lie down in a horizontal position. Consult a doctor urgently. In the event of percutaneous poisoning, remove the contaminated clothes immediately and wash the affected region. Call for medical aid immediately. In all the cases of poisoning, awareness of the toxicity of chemical substance can be helpful while administering medical aid. Burns resulting from Heat The burns that occur due to heat arising flames or hot liquids or explosions etc. can be majorly classified into two categories i.e. the major or severe burns where a large part of the body is affected and it is mostly 2nd or 3rd degree burn and the other is minor or small burns in which a small portion of the body gets affected and it is mostly a 1st degree burn. In case of minor burns dip the affected part in ice cold water for some time and repeat the same. After that apply ointment on it. Refer to a physician. For major burns if the person is on fire then roll the person in a blanket to douse the flames. After that make the person lay down and try to calm him. Call for medical help immediately and do not apply any medicine. First aid for injuries resulting from broken glass In case of small cuts or injuries wash the wound at the same time and try to remove glass pieces if any. Apply mercurochrome or acriflavine ointment on it and cover the wound with gauze and adhesive tape. In case of deep cuts or when there is plenty of bleeding then try to stop the bleeding by pressing down on it with a compress. Call for immediate medical help. Contamination by infected material Injuries resulting from broken glassware which contained infected material or specimen fall under this category. For these types of injuries the advisable first aid is Instantaneously wash the wound with clean water. In case the cut is not bleeding then make it bleed by squeezing hard for a couple of minutes. Using antiseptic lotion wash the complete area including the edges of the cut and the wound. After that wash it with soapy water and then again with antiseptic lotion. Refer a doctor. First aid in case of electric shock Electric shock might result from faulty equipment or carelessness like using wet hands on electrical equipment etc. and can cause the person to faint or asphyxia. In such a case first switch off the main switch. Immediately start giving mouth to mouth respiration. Call for medical help simultaneously. Every laboratory must have the first aid equipment which includes, 1. First Aid Box containing instruction sheet with general guidance, sterile adhesive dressings in different sizes, a bottle containing eye drops, scissors, sterile eye pads, safety pins, antiseptic lotion, sterile eye pads and first aid manual. 2. Sodium Carbonate 5% solution. 3. 2% sodium bi-carbonate solution 4. Boric Acid saturated solution. 5. Antiseptic lotion 6. Soap powder solution (per liter of water add 5g) 7. 5% Acetic acid solution 8. Cotton wool and gauze 9. Rolled Bandage 10. Adhesive tape 11. Mercurochrome and iodine tincture. _____________________________________________________________________ 1.6. CLEANING AND CARE OF GENERAL LABORATORY GLASSWARE AND EQUIPMENTS ______________________________________________________________________ Cleaning of Glassware: For getting successful results from the experiments performed in a laboratory it is essential that the glassware gets perfectly cleaned. However cleaning of laboratory glassware is not a very easy task. Glassware has to be clean physically, chemically as well as free of any germs. Much of the time, detergent and tap water are neither required nor desirable. You can rinse the glassware with the proper solvent, and then finish up with a couple of rinses with distilled water, followed by final rinses with deionized water. Washing Glassware: Rinse the glassware with the appropriate solvent. Rinse with other solvents as needed, followed by ethanol and finally deionized water. If the glassware requires scrubbing, scrub with a brush using hot soapy water, rinse thoroughly with tap water, followed by rinses with deionized water. Some of the commonly used lab glass wares are: Burette: Wash with hot soapy water, rinse thoroughly with tap water, and then rinse 3-4 times with deionized water. Be sure the final rinses sheet off of the glass. Burettes need to be thoroughly clean to be used for quantitative lab work. Pipettes: The glassware is soaked overnight in soapy water. Clean the pipettes using warm soapy water. The glassware may require scrubbing with a brush. Rinse with tap water followed by 3-4 rinses with deionized water. Volumetric Flasks: Wash the flask with soapy water and then rinse 3-4 times with deionized water. Glassware should be allowed to air dry on the shelf. It should not be dries using a paper towel or forced air since this can introduce fibers or impurities that can contaminate the solution. If glassware is to be used immediately after washing and must be dry, rinse it 2-3 times with acetone. This will remove any water and will evaporate quickly. Glass Slides Cover Glass Slides should first be washed, and then placed in solution containing glacial acetic acid for around 10 minutes. Afterwards the slides and cover glass are thoroughly rinsed with distilled water and then wiped perfectly dry using paper towels or clean cloth. As soon as this is done they should be placed in a wide jar containing alcohol. Culture Tubes Culture tubes should be sterilized prior to cleaning. Culture tubes should be autoclave it for half an hour at around 121 °C (15 p.s.i. pressure). The tubes when emptied must be brushed with water and detergent and then rinsed with running tap water. After this it should be rinsed with distilled water, and placed properly for drying. Detergents used for washing Most detergents are very effective for most cleaning problems encountered. However for best results the detergents made especially for laboratory glassware must be used. Some of the commonly used detergents are sulfuric dichromate and acid-alcohol. Maintenance of Equipments The increasing level of technical sophistication and complexity found in clinical laboratory instrumentation today more than ever demands careful attention to maintenance service needs. The time-worn caution for careful definition of requirements for acquisition of a system should also carry over to maintenance service of these equipments. Certain common type of laboratory equipment and their proper usage care is as under: Microscope Microscope the most vital equipment in the laboratory which is used for magnifying a small object or image by 100, 400 or even 1000 times of the original size. Microscope is made up of two words micro scope wherein micro means small and scope means to view. A laboratory may have various microscopes depending upon what is their power, usage etc. Being aware of the importance of microscope its care and cleaning must also be give due importance so that the equipment gives correct results. Some of the cleaning procedures to be followed are Dust should be cleaned off with pressurized air or with a soft brush Clean smudges, fingerprints, oils, etc from the lens with clean lens paper or a soft clean cloth moistened with a small amount of absolute alcohol-ether mixture. If an alcohol-ether mixture is unavailable, use isopropyl alcohol Clean the microscope body and stand using a moist, soft cloth with a small amount of detergent. Working temperatures are: 32 ° F-104 ° F (0 °C-40 °C). Max. relative humidity: 85% Use water only on plastic surfaces Do not use paint thinner or other solvents Do a final wipe with a moist soft cloth Dry all surfaces after cleaning Besides these cleaning processes the daily care which must be ensured while handling the microscope include Always cover the microscope with the supplied dust cover when not in use Store in a dry place In humid or moist environments, it is advisable to store the microscope in a waterproof container with a drying agent Do not touch the optical lens with bare fingers Do not store the microscope in direct sunlight. Sunlight can influence the quality of the specimen imaging. Lift the microscope with both hands. As almost all the procedures of a medical laboratory require the use of microscope so as such handling it in a proper fashion is mandatory. Photometer or Calorimeter The photometer is a device which is used to measure optical density or color intensity or absorbance of solutions. Based on the arrangement of obtaining monochromatic light, the photometers are categorized as filter photometers or spectrophotometers. The normal precautions to be observed while handling photometers are as under Do not pour out samples or prepare the tests directly over the instrument. Always cap the test tubes after preparing the blank and test sample. Wipe test tubes with a clean tissue to remove drips or condensation before placing in the photometer. Do not leave tubes standing in the photometer test chamber. Remove the tubes immediately after each test. Immediately wipe up any drips or spills on the instrument or in the test chamber with a clean tissue. Keep the instrument clean. Clean the test chamber regularly using a moistened tissue or cotton ball. Keep the instrument away from all chemicals and cleaning materials. Keep the instrument in a clean, dry place when it is not in use. Keep it on a clean, dry bench away from chemicals, place it in a storage cupboard or keep it in a carrying case. Keep the carrying case in a clean, dry condition. Make sure that the carrying case is dry before the case is closed up and the instrument is put away. Centrifuge A centrifuge is a an equipment, generally driven by an electric motor or spun by hand, that puts an object in rotation around a fixed axis, applying a force perpendicular to the axis. The centrifuge works using the sedimentation principle, where the centripetal acceleration causes more dense substances to separate out along the radial direction. By the same token, lighter objects will tend to move to the top. There are various types of centrifuges preparative centrifuge analytical centrifuge angle fixed centrifuge swing head centrifuge haematocrit centrifuge Industrial centrifuges may otherwise be classified according to the type of separation of the high density fraction from the low density one Screen centrifuges, where the centrifugal acceleration allows the liquid to pass through a screen of some sort, through which the solids cannot go (due to granulometry larger than the screen gap or due to agglomeration). Common types are: Pusher centrifuges Peeler centrifuges Decanter centrifuges, in which there is no physical separation between the solid and liquid phase, rather an accelerated settling due to centrifugal acceleration. Common types are: Solid bowl centrifuges Conical plate centrifuges In order to ensure proper working of the equipment certain care and maintenance procedures should be followed like Inspect the centrifuge chamber for accumulations of sample, dust of glass particles from broken glass tubes and clean appropriately to ensure that no unwanted particle is left in the chamber. Centrifuge tubes made of strong glass must be used in the machine. The centrifuge speed should be increased gradually. Disinfecting centrifuges is very necessary to maintain the precision of the tests being carried out. Take proper care of the rotor in terms of cleaning and keeping it scratch free by not using steel wool, wire brush or abrasives etc for cleaning. Never pour water directly into the sample chamber. Autoclave An autoclave is a device to sterilize equipment and supplies by subjecting them to high pressure steam at 121  Ã‚ °C or more, typically for 15 to 20 minutes depending on the size of the load and the contents. There are mainly two types of autoclaves Stove Type Autoclave Front Loading Autoclave Following are recommendations for the care and use of autoclaves The steam should be saturated and free from corrosion inhibitors or other chemicals, which could contaminate the items being sterilised. All materials to be autoclaved should be in containers that allow ready removal of air and permit good heat penetration; the chamber should not be tightly packed or steam will not reach the load evenly. Bags should allow the steam to reach their contents. For autoclaves without an interlocking safety device that prevents the door being opened when the chamber is pressurized, the main steam valve should be closed and the temperature allowed to fall below 80C

Agamemnon, Symbolism Of Darkne Essay -- essays research papers

Throughout the ages of literature, darkness has often been used as symbolic in representation for evil, concealment, and blindness. In the opening of Agamemnon, the darkness that consumed the scene was used for effect in order to convey indirectly, themes of evil, concealment, and blindness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The theme of evil was clearly supported by the actions of the character. The play was one of murder and revenge, both of which are traditionally sinful in nature. Agamemnon is murdered in the play by his wife Clytaemestra, who does so in hopes of avenging the death of her daughter, among other reasons. Clytaemestraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s daughter was killed in an act of sacrifice by Agamemnon, ironically, in hopes of ending a cycle of revenge already out of hand within the families of Agamemnon and his enemy Aegisthus. Although justice can skeptically be looked at as a noble cause, in that traditionally justice represents the protection of all that is good, it seems evident that evil still plays a part in motivating one to kill. Hence the symbolic darkness of night present in the opening scene of the play, foreshadowing the death of Agamemnon, and Clytaemestraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s conversion to the dark-side of hatred and revenge.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another commonly used significance of darkness is that of concealment. When a soldier wishes to hide his actions from an enemy, it is typically said that he will do so à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“under the cover of darkness.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Just as a soldier used darkness t...

Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary): The True Story Essay -- Mary Tudor, Bloody M

â€Å"She was a king’s daughter, she was a king’s sister, she was a king’s wife, she was a queen, and by the same title a king also† # Mary Tudor was an influential women of her time period. Many in modern society know her for her particularly bad reputation as Bloody Mary, however they do not realize the contributions she made, or her influence on history . The story behind Mary’s reputation gives insight as to her true accomplishments as England’s first queen. When Mary Tudor was born on February 18, 1516, she was the only child that King Henry VIII and his wife Catherine of Aragon had successfully conceived together. She was widely celebrated and raised well in the kingdom. She was well-educated and privileged. However, her father wanted a male heir to inherit his throne and Mary’s mother couldn’t produce an heir. King Henry tried to divorce Katherine, but the Catholic church was not granting his request due to their relation to the queen. He went to a Protestant church and received the divorce he wanted from Mary’s mother in 1533. This divorce caused Mary to hate the Protestant religion, she did not even accept the fact her parents were divorced. Mary’s father got remarried to a women named Anne Boleyn and was excommunicated from the Catholic Church. Anne also became pregnant and had a baby girl named Elizabeth that Mary had to take care of. In 1534, the Act of Supremacy was passed, and Mary was no longer considered an heir to the throne. However two years later Mary’s father had married a new wife named Jane Seymore. Jane wanted King Henry VIII to reunite with his children. Mary did reconcile with her father and was chosen to be the godmother of Jane’s newborn son Edward. This reconciliation with her father put her next in ... ...ary was a Queen that ruled with an intellect many did not believe women were capable of. She worked hard and kept the throne and reached her goal of starting to restore the Catholic faith. Though Mary had a tragic life she was a great Queen who kept her country in mind and worked closely with the government to keep it safe. Without Mary’s reign the English monarchy may be completely different than what it is today. Works Cited Eakins, Lara E. "Mary I." TudorHistory.org. 7 Sept. 2007. Web. 17 Mar. 2011. http://www.tudorhistory.org/mary/. N.A. "Mary Tudor - Bloody Mary." ELIZABETHAN ERA. Web. 17 Mar. 2011. http://www.elizabethan-era.org.uk/mary-tudor-bloody-mary.htm. Whitelock, Anna. Mary Tudor: Princess, Bastard, Queen. New York: Random House, 2009. Print. "Wyatt's Rebellion." Encyclopedia of World History. New York: Facts On File, 2000. 263. Print.

Client And Server Architecture :: Networks Telecommunications

Most organization today are moving to client server architectures. Client server attempt to balance the processing between the client and the server by having both do some of the logic. In these networks, the client is responsible for the presentation logic, while the server is responsible for the data access logic and data storage. The application logic may reside on the client on the client or on the server, or it may be split between both. These are many ways in which the application logic can be partitioned between the client and the server. The type of the client server consists of two-tier, three-tier and multi-tier client server. Two-tier client server is one of the most common. In this case, the server is responsible for the data and the client is responsible for the application and presentation. The two-tier client server is uses only two sets of computers, one client and one server. For example, the database management system (DBMS) runs in the server. A request from the client is sent to the DBMS, which responds by searching the server and sending only the result to the client. If 100 records matched the criteria in our million-record example, only 100 kilobytes of data traverse network rather than one gigabyte. Another type of client server architectures is three-tier client server uses three sets of computers. In this case, the software on the client computer is responsible for presentation logic, an application server is responsible for the application logic, and a separate database server is responsible for the data access logic and data storage. Three-tier client server Beside that, the web really is a client server. Because on the server side, the web uses a multi-tier architecture with interlinked web server, application servers, database servers and caching servers. On the client side, user machines commonly execute scripts embedded in countless web pages. They also execute java applets, java programs and rich client application, all of which means that both client and server cooperate in tandem. Advantages and disadvantages of these method The client server architecture does not propose any new model or architecture, but it simply allows users to get more processing power for developing their business network applications in a cooperative processing environment. It does not define any new infrastructure, but it uses the existing structure and new user interface tools. It integrates these new tools and the concepts of the distributed architecture to define a new computing environment which will enhance productivity at much lower operating costs.

Society Have Become Dependent On Technology

Today’s society is too dependent on technology. With all the advancements to our standard technology such as the internet, cell phones, computers, iPad and all other wireless and electronic devices. Today’s technology has change society with many thinking that can’t exist without these devices. Technology has brought the world to our fingertips. It has change the workplace, and the way we learn. Society’s dependence on technology paired with the rise of technology is a disadvantage to humanity as whole.What was considered a luxury is now considered a necessity. Advancements in communications technologies is a benefit to our society. Dependence can best be seen when there is a power outage over an hour, people go into instant panic mode. Dependence on technology will inevitably lead to advances in technology, creating new social standards, thereby furthering the same dependence on technology. Technology also creates a world that demands things in a rapid ma nner. It provides a faster means of communication, makes a person more efficient and organized.Deepak Chopra, MD author and founder of The Chopra Foundation states that technology doubles every year and in 10 years will be a million times more. Let’s look back at history in the early to mid-1900 when children and adults didn’t rely on television and computers but spent time with family and friends in person having face to face communication. Technology has affective how children play. Fewer kids play outside due to video games and other electronic devices. Today I can be in my home playing a video game with a friend in his home in other state through the internet online.Every day millions of people turn on their cell phones, log on to their social networking sites and spend hours each day texting, messaging, and blogging. Pew Internet reports for cell phones activities this year (2013) shows 91% of American adults own a cell phone. Younger adults are more affluent in t he use of cell phones. Texting continues to be the most common cell phone activities, with 81% of cell owner’s text. Texting is popular among younger adult and college educated.Many persons access the internet through their cell phone, with more that 34% admitting mostly accessing the internet from their phones. Pew’s report also identify half of cell owners send and receive email from their phone. It was also noted that 49% of cell owners used their phones to look up directions, recommendation and other information related to their location and 48% of owners listening to music on their phones. The Apple iPad a newer device falls somewhere between the smart phone and notebook computer.It allows a person to accomplish their routine task for work, school and home. Technology is the major reasons for the changes in society. Technology has taken over our lives and has provided shortcuts and an easy way out. Many people admit that their smart phone or other electronic devic e runs their life. The military uses technology to monitor our Nation against national treat . Technology is a vital element of the advancement of education, healthcare, communication and transportation.

Natl – the Cane Farmers

Case: â€Å"Nghe An Tate & Lyle Sugar Company (Viet Nam)† Question : Are farmers likely to convert to sugar cane ? The farmers who lived within 50 kilometers of the sugar mill are likely to convert to sugar cane in term of economic return and other benefits. – Economic return: Net returns to farmers per Hectare from growing Sugar cane is high. From Exhibit 9 with norminal cash flow of a crop life cycle ( 4 years), the total rerurn of one hectare is 6,900 (000’VND) and net present value is 3,841 (000’VND) with nominal discount rate 13. 3%/year.Compare to coffee and rubber, sugar cane need only one year to revenue. Compare with other crops ( pineapple, coffee, rubber †¦), Sugar cane can get highest economics from exhibit 10 as below: Unit: Dong per hecta | Sugar |Pineapple |Coffee |Rubber |Peanuts |Peanuts |Peanuts | |   |  cane | | | |and Maize |& peanuts |and Rices | |Number of years |420 |420 |420 |420 |420 |420 |420 | |Planting years |105 |140 | 168 |120 |0 |0 |0 | |Typical years |315 |280 |252 |300 |420 |420 |420 | |Revenue |2,835,000 |3,955,000 |4,536,000 |3,000,000 |2,856,000 |4,032,000 |4,080,300 | |Total Costs |2,110,500 |3,255,000 |5. 21,100 |3,097,500 |3,696,000 |3,864,000 |3,906,000 | |Total net return |724,500 |700,000 |-485,100 |-97,500 |-840,000 |168,000 |174,300 | |Return per year |1,725 |1,667 |-1,155 |-232 |-2,000 |400 |415 | | Note: 420 is lowest common multiple of crop life cycle (4,3,10,28) and assume that time value of money is ignored (no discount to present value). From exhibit 11, Net return from Cane also get highest net present value for period from 1998 to 2015 with nominal discount rate 13,3% per annum and opportunity cost of labor is $1. 0/day: NPV Cane +82,894; NPV pineapple +19,617; NPV coffee +2,438; NPV rubber -13,557, NPV combo A -34,515; NPV combo B +6,902, NPV combo C -2,158 (US$ in thousand). – Other benefits: One of three parts of NATL’s development plan is an outreach progra m to help local farmers to convert to cane production which means that their sugar cane will have more added value because cane production can sell with higher price and the farmers can use their products. The company expected to employ 725 people, provided n-house traning so many members of the farmer family can be come workers, educated ones can also become staffs. This will creat many good affects to the local farmers. The project would need roughly 300 lorries during the harvest season so some farmers can borrow money from local banks to buy new hauliers to transport cane to the factory. With many benefits as above, before converting to sugar cane the local farmers need to understand/know the risks of converting. The first risk is to avoid converting too much from the beginning of the project. The factory will reach full capacity by the 2002/2003 harvesting season, so for the period from 1998 to 2002, the numbers of hactares convert to cane need to increase arcordingly. – Second risk is related to the NATL’s complex payment system, with the first installment, approximately 75% of the total, would be made within 14 days of delivery and the rest would be made at the end of the season with adjustment for sugar content and market price.The local farmers seem to familiar with simple full payment upon delivery even though with lower price, many poor farmers can have enough cash for their daily life and no effected by adjustment with the old payment method. With these analysises, the famers will have much more benefits, some related risks can be considered and controlled so I believe that they will convert to sugar cane.

Aztec and Inca Civilizations

I think the Aztecs were more impressive, in one of the captions I read that one of their squares was twice as large as the city of Salamanca surrounded by porticoes daily sixty thousand people are buying and selling all kinds of merchandise that the world has to offer embracing the necessaries things of life. In the same square there are some people who constantly go around watching sells and the measures used for sales these people have been known to go around and stop unfair deals or break the measures completely. The men and women who agree to be sacrificed are thrown to their backs, so they can be sacrificed to their gods and without uttering a word and remaining perfectly still while a priest comes over with a stone knife to cut their heart out. This is one of the things as to why I think the Aztecs were more impressive because of the discipline they had, even when they are having their heart cut out while they are still alive. The boys and girls were brought up differently with a few similarities. The differences for boys were they were expected to have more responsibilities such as growing to become fierce some brave and warriors, fishermen, farmers and craftsmen, like their fathers. The daughters were expected to follow their mothers and work indoors managing the house and raise the children. Something similar both boys and girls had in common was they were taught their responsibilities from a very young age, they were also expected to go to school for at least a little time between the ages ten and twenty, the school the rich or the gifted were able to attend was called calmecac, there was another school that most of the population attended who were not rich or considered gifted, which was called tepochcalli. Their (was little difference) in (Aztec religion and civil society. The tlacatecuhtli or â€Å"chief of men† controlled all the religious ceremonies) who (was also the military leader under the tlacatecuhtli were several religious and other offices which included military generals. Priests and priestesses were very important in society they acted as) scientists (and) doctors, and (taught science, art, music, dance, history, and counting. They also knew astronomy and astrology. They had to perform) very (difficult ceremonies). (Religion played an important part in Aztecs lives and was very complicated because they adopted many of the) aspects of the (people they conquered. They had three dominate gods: Huitzilopochtli, (â€Å"Hummingbird wizard† the native and) the (chief god of the tenochca, Huitzilopochtli was the war and sun god), Tezcatlipoca (â€Å"smoking mirror† chief god of the Aztecs in general) and Quetzalcoatl (â€Å"sovereign plumed serpent† widely worshipped throughout Mesoamerica and the god of civilization, priesthood and learning). Below these three gods were four creating gods who kept themselves from the human world. Under these were a large number of other gods, the most important) was (tlaloc, the rain god); chalihuitlicue, (the god of growth and Xipe, the â€Å"flayed one† a god connected with spring. The Aztecs worshipped about) one thousand (gods, but the sun god was the most important. Religious ceremonies were held in a temple called a teocalli. The temples had pools for ceremonial cleansing, gardens, living quarters for a priest, and racks to hold the skulls of victims. The most prominent part of Aztec religious life was the role of human sacrifice. It was practiced in all of Mesoamerica but the) tenochca (used sacrifice on a grand scale. We don’t know a great deal about the details, but we can successfully reconstruct its character and justification with a high level of accuracy).

What Challenges Does the Traditional Public Administration

WHAT CHALLENGES DOES THE TRADITIONAL PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ENCOUNTER IN A CHANGING PUBLIC SECTOR ENVIRONMENT The traditional model of public administration (TPA) remains the longest standing and most successful theory of management in the public sector which pre-dominated for most of the 20th century.The TPA can be characterized as an administration under the formal control of the political leadership which was based on a strictly hierarchical model of bureaucracy, staffed by permanent, neutral and anonymous officials, motivated only by the public interest, serving any governing party equally, and not contributing to policy but merely administering those policies decided by the politicians. Its theoretical foundations were mainly derived from Woodrow Wilson and Frederick Taylor in the United States, Max Weber in Germany, and the Northcote–Trevelyan Report of 1854 in the United Kingdom.It is now being replaced by the New Public Management (NPM) due to the fact that the traditio nal model has been discredited theoretically and practically. The adoption of new forms of NPM means the emergence of a new paradigm in the public sector. This new paradigm poses a direct challenge to several of what had previously been regarded as fundamental principles of TPA. The aim of this presentation is to discuss the challenges that TPA encounters in a changing Public Sector environment. The discussion will focus on hierarchical structures, bureaucracy, political control, rigidity, one best way, meritocracy and technological change.The term administration is narrower and has a more limited function than that of management and in consequence, changing from public administration to public management means a major change of theory and of function. According to Hughes (2003:6), â€Å"public administration is an activity serving the public, and public servants carry out policies derived from politicians. † The Oxford dictionary defines administration as, â€Å"an act or p rocess of organising the way that something is done. According to Coulter (1996:8) â€Å"management refers to the process of getting activities completed efficiently and effectively with and through other people. From these various definitions it is argued that, administration essentially involves following instructions and providing service, while management involves the achievement of results and personal responsibility by the manager for results being achieved. The terms administration and management are not synonymous, neither is their application to the public sector. These two elements were not necessarily present in the traditional administrative system. Public administration focuses on processes, procedures and rules of etiquette, while public management involves much more.Instead of merely following instructions, a public manager focuses on achieving results and taking responsibility for doing so. It is this paradigm shift from Traditional Public Administration to the New Public Management which has exposed the weaknesses of the Traditional Public Administration Model as discussed below. The use of hierarchical structures which were not necessarily the best or efficient forms of organisations if comparing output and input was one of the problems or inadequacies of the Traditional Public Administration model.However, the hierarchical system meant that everyone knew his or her place and extent of authority. Someone is always technically accountable for all actions, from the lowest level to the highest. The system was reasonably efficient and effective in a narrow sense and meant instructions were carried out, especially when given clearly. It was also reasonably free from the temptations of diverting, eg, public funds for the personal use of the bureaucrat. When tasks were administrative and relatively simple, when the environment was stable, the system worked well.On the contrary, this system is not workable in big organisations. Many strata in a hier archical structure have a potential of slowing done work progress. The results or output take long to be realised. The Kavran Report of (1989:16) reported on hierarchical delays in the public service especially when processing business documents, water and electricity bills requests and others. According to Vecchio, (1991:510), to change the existing public system into one that is speedy, risk-taking, output-oriented, innovative and efficient requires a total change in organizational culture.The focus of subsequent reforms in the public service has been to move away from the idea of a rigid and bureaucratized career service, towards a more fluid structure. An example is that Foreign Direct Investment into Zimbabwe has been put under one roof to speed up processing and approval of projects. Bureaucracy is another problem associated with the TPA model. In small organisations like Civil Aviation of Zimbabwe, bureaucracy is ideal for control of human resource due to its defined reportin g and communication channels, it allows for certainty.Work is standardised due to laid down procedures, rules and regulations. The spans of control are scientifically calculated. However hierarchical structures are not good for management, is usually slow in moving, that is, work takes long to be accomplished and innovations are almost nonexistent. Any deviation from the norm through innovation can be punishable by law if ever anything goes wrong and investigations indicate that there was a deviation from the stipulated regulations or work procedures.However, Weber, in Hughes(2003:35) noted that, â€Å"every bureaucracy seeks to increase the superiority of the professionally informed by keeping their knowledge and intensions secret†, adding that the concept of official secrecy is the specific invention of bureaucracy. This concern still exists today, for example, in the ZRP any press release is done through their spokes persons. The Kavran report of 1989:17 reported that ther e were difficulties in obtaining information from the government. The same report indicated that one had to make innumerable visits and memorandum to get information even on a simple matter.There are now marked changes in the external environment functions with the greater external focus on NPM, through both strategy and managing of external constituencies, than was ever the case with TPA. Public service anonymity has certainly declined. Public servants are much freer to speak out in public, to appear at professional forum, to write articles in journals and generally to be visible and be public figures. The problem of political control or interference in public administration was also found to be one of the of TPA model challenges.Politics and administration are interlinked. Politicians make policies and administrators implement the policies. However, politicians are not necessarily administrators whereas public administrators are professionals in their work and are supposed to be a political; hence they need to be separated. Dahl (1998:59) argues that, â€Å"politics is ubiquitous†. This means that politics cannot be completely separated from administration. Hughes (2003:32) argues that, â€Å"The reform movement in the United States was not able to separate policy from administration, or politicians from administrators.It was only able to clarify the point where political appointments to the public service were to be separated from career appointments. † According to (Hughes 2003:26) â€Å"politicians should rule while public officials should do their bidding. Political offices should be filled competitively in the political arena whereas; bureaucratic offices should be filled competitively in the bureaucratic arena. Political officials should be selected on the basis of their political competence; bureaucratic officials should be selected on the basis of their bureaucratic competence.The separation of political and career routes should be inst itutionalised by legal or constitutional prohibition on concurrent office holding and interchange. Politicians should be judged by the electorate or their political peers whereas officials should be judged by their political overseers or their bureaucratic peers. Political office should be of limited tenure and subject to frequent elections and bureaucratic office should be of unlimited tenure, subject to good behaviour. According to the Zimbabwe Public Service Act, the Public service functions independently and is not answerable to the minister, however the minister can direct the commission on certain issues. Political interference has raised its head in a number of areas of the Zimbabwe Public Services like, the mining sector (ZISCO) where ESSAR was awarded a tender to run the mine and politicians interfered resulting in the withdrawal of the tender. The TPA model was rigid and bureaucratic, narrowly focused and preoccupied with structures and process..Rigidity to rules, regulati ons and order of doing work has a tendency of stifling innovation which is necessary for work effectiveness and efficiency. Robert Merton (1968: 260) argued that, â€Å"rigid adherence to rules could have unanticipated consequences, including a reduction in efficiency. The rigidity and bureaucracy of the system posed a problem to the NPM system which is result based and managers are accountable for their action. To maintain one’s job, is now dependant on one’s performance. The new pubic management encourages flexibility which is intertwined with innovation and increased output.The TPA model assumed there was ‘one best way’ of administering. Gulick’s POSDCORB and Taylor’s scientific management were ‘popular manifestations of this one best way theorising. ’ According to Stillman, (1991: 9) in Hughes (2003:25), the one best way, â€Å" is a methodology by which a few simple nostrums/remedies were followed in all circumstances. â⠂¬  Hughes (2003:33) argues that, â€Å"the one best way was determined by examining all the steps involved in a task, measuring the most efficient and, most importantly, setting out this method as a set of procedures.In the public services, the procedure manuals became ever larger with the method for dealing with every conceivable contingency spelt out in great detail. Once this was done the task of the public official was purely administrative, merely involving consultation of the manual and following the procedures laid down. There was little thought involved and no creativity other than that of finding the right page of the manual. Administrators by definition have no responsibility for results; one best way thinking allowed them to evade responsibility altogether. The results or output was also ignored by this notion of one-best way.This is prevalent in most government departments of Zimbabawe especially the military where things are done according to the book. There is very little room for innovations and accountability as demanded by the new public system. Meritocracy/ Professionalism. The TPA was based on non professional ways of recruitment. It was once common for those aspiring for employment by the state to resort to patronage or nepotism, relying on friends or relatives for employment, or by purchasing offices. This is still prevalent or being practised in most developing countries Zimbabwe included.This compromises standards, affects output and de-motivates professionals resulting in high labour turnover. The Zimbabwe Public Service Act requires that people be employed according to their professional qualifications or their merit. For example in the health sector, for a doctor to practice must be licensed, the same applies with lawyers. Weber formulated the theory of bureaucracy, the idea of a distinct, professional public service, recruited and appointed by merit, politically neutral, which would remain in office throughout changes in governmen t.One of the major challenges of TPA was that it was manual based hence slow moving. According to Muid, (1994:125). Technological change affects management, including the management of government. This should be regarded as one of the main driving forces both towards new forms of public management and away from traditional bureaucracy. With the adoption of forms of e-government (electronic government) technologically driven change is likely to accelerate.The use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) such as distributed computer systems, Internet linkages, new databases could lead to a re-conceptualization of the very way that bureaucracies work. The changes have the potential to be beneficial, even though there are issues of privacy and security yet to be dealt with. It is inarguable that management of the public sector changes with the kinds of information technology currently available. In Zimbabwe the Presidential Computerisation programme is a typical example of p ublic sector effort.In conclusion, the traditional model of administration was an outstanding and widely emulated by governments all around the world . However with passage of time the TPA has been increasingly superseded by the NPM. The new model is not fully in place, there is now a greater focus on results rather than process, on responsibility rather than its evasion and on management rather than administration. This transition has its own challenges that it encounters during the process. The challenges include bureaucracy, political interference, meritocracy/professionalism and one best way and technological changes.It was only later,when NPM come into existence and managers became responsible for results, that there was any real thought that different methods could lead to different results and those methods and actions should be tailored to circumstances. According to Behn (1998:140), in reality there is no one best way but many possible answers. | Nostrum ineffective remedy: a remedy for a social, political, or economic problem, especially an idea or plan that is often suggested but never proved to be successfulMicrosoft ® Encarta ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. ||

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International Trade and Maritime Law - Essay Example Carrier is deemed to be in charge of the goods at the time of receipt of goods to the time of delivery. Whereas the Hague-Visby Rules denotes the Scope of Coverage as an implication where it covers the period of time when the goods are loaded on the ship to the time they are discharged from the ship. ((Sundaram, 2004, pg 12) When the matter of Carriers' Covered is taken into consideration the Hamburg Rules covers carriers that conclude a contract of carriage of goods by sea or are named in a contract of carriage of goods by sea with a shipper. Also covers "actual carriers" which include any person entrusted by the carrier to perform all or part of the carriage of the goods. (Sundaram,2003, pg 29) Under the Hamburg Rules the carrier is liable for loss, damage, or delay in delivery of goods, if the loss occurred while the goods were under the carrier's charge, unless the carrier proves that he, his servant or agents took all measures that could reasonably be required to avoid the occurrence and its consequences (loss or damage). More over, in accordance to the Carrier Liability or Duty of Care rules of Hague-Visby Rules the carrier shall properly load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for, and discharge the goods carried and supply ship. ((Sundaram,2004, pg 21) In the case of Carrier Defenses to Liability Hamburg Rules states that the carrier must prove that he, his servants or agent took all measures that could reasonably be required to avoid the occurrence and its consequences. Whereas under The Hague-Visby Rules the loss or damage resulting from: 1. Unseaworthiness (but the carrier must show that the unseaworthiness did not result from carrier's lack of due diligence); 2. Error in navigation or management of the ship; 3. Fire (unless

Proposal argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Proposal argument - Essay Example The benefits of this proposal include maximum and efficient use of available parking space. The university, therefore, need not spend huge amounts constructing new parking spaces but maximize the current parking space. Allocation of parking spaces will be equitable thus promoting fairness and equity in the university. Researches in parking systems reveal that this proposal is feasible and workable. This parking space policy has been a success in other cities, in the world therefore; it is a practical approach to solving parking in this university. It is my sincere wish that this proposal will be worthy of implementation in the university. The parking space available at the University of Arizona is inadequate. The high number of student enrollment in the university has worsened the situation. Parking in the university has become a great challenge. There are different permits currently available in the University for parking. The parking spaces have signs that show the permit required to park there. The permit will also indicate the number of hours valid for the permit (UOA, 2011). However, despite these efforts many still miss a slot to park their vehicles. Parking space privileges are also common in University setting. People who occupy senior positions in the University have their parking spaces reserved. The reserved parking slots are oft the best parking spaces available in the institution. Since parking permits pricing systems lack the basis of demand and supply, shortages of spaces result. Worse still, possession of a permit does not guarantee one that he/she will find a parking space. Failure to secure a parkin g Lot often causes frustrations, which is detrimental to the university credibility. Use of Economics in setting prices of parking permits will eliminate parking shortages that result from unmatched demand and supply. This research proposal will establish an efficient parking system that will minimize parking